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When and Why Organisms Help One Another

A discussion on the origins of helping one another.

July 7, 2016

From The Staff Evolution

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Helping each other has many social implications—about morality, social organization, and the idea of fairness. Lee Dugatkin, professor of biology at the University of Louisville and Sigma Xi Distinguished Lecturer, discusses the origins of such altruism.

A Storify of the Tweets detailing the discussion is shown below.

When and Why Organisms Help One Another

Helping each other has many social implications—about morality, social organization, economics, and the idea of fairness. In a discussion Lee Dugatkin, professor of biology at the University of Louisville, who studies the origins of social behavior, such as altruism.

  1. Bees and other social insects, along with primates, also engage in #altruism, says @LeeDugatkin in the #AmSciGHO
  2. Perspectives on #altruism - Kropotkin - argued #Darwin not quite right b/c did not think #kinship mattered, focused too much on #competition
  3. Huxley on #altruism - did focus on kinship. Both Huxley's and Kropotkin's perspectives "drew huge crowds," says @LeeDugatkin #AmSciGHO
  4. Another name for kin selection, "inclusive fitness", important for thinking beyond #competition & #offspring numbers. #AmSciGHO on #altruism
  5. #Altruism = helping another at cost to yourself. All models include some way of repaying that cost: kin selection, reciprocity.... #AmSciGHO
  6. Group selection: altruism cost paid by benefits to group i.e., giving an alarm call to group, so group outproduces other groups #AmSciGHO
  7. #Altruism found in microbial systems, too, says @LeeDugatkin -- nothing to do with intention, cognition, will. #AmSciGHO #evolution
  8. Altruism in E. coli studied @LeeDugatkin : genes protecting E. coli; sometimes secrete protective substance; protect nearby cells #AmSciGHO
  9. Do #plants exhibit #altruism? Not much #research so far, says @LeeDugatkin, perhaps because dynamics not as evident in plants #AmSciGHO
  10. E. coli manipulated by @LeeDugatkin to secrete protective substances -- purpose is to #model -- other microbes do it naturally #AmSciGHO
  11. Finding sophisticated behaviors in non-humans -- #empathy #altruism #reciprocity -- easier to study than in #humans. #AmScIGHO
  12. In looking at #rats, @LeeDugatkin says fellow rats will do what they can, e.g., open a trick door, to save a distressed fellow rat #AmSciGHO
  13. #amscigho-genetically unrelated cagemate rats focus for long time on how to open a small box and free their trapped companion. @LeeDugatkin
  14. Rat experiments include real #danger - #drowning - to save fellow distressed rats. They do it! Best explanation so far: #empathy. #AmSciGHO
  15. #amscigho-empathy in rats is maybe group selection-benefit of groups, gets dangerous if group size is low. @LeeDugatkin #altruism
  16. As always, trouble is 'how to ask an animal a question in the right way' to demonstrate sophisticated behaviors, like #empathy. #AmSciGHO
  17. Future #altruism #research may include scans on #animals, too, to try to understand what #brain activities involved. @LeeDugatkin #AmSciGHO

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