Scaffolds made from biomaterials that respond directly to external stimuli could help mend bodily injuries, including those to bone, cartilage, and nerves.
It all began with an experience one of us (Arinzeh) had more than two decades ago. In 1991, a summer research experience at the University of California at Berkeley demonstrated how engineering could improve the lives of patients. Instead of working in a more traditional area such as automobile design, Arinzeh spent the summer after her junior year of college working in a rehabilitation laboratory.
Scaffolds provide both mechanical and chemical features that are useful for engineering tissues such as cartilage and bone. Differences in the chemistry of carbohydrates surrounding human mesenchymal stem cells affect whether the cells differentiate to form cartilage. The green staining in the image to the right shows the presence of collagen II, a sign that stem cells are differentiating into cartilagelike cells. These cells are surrounded by carbohydrates partially decorated with sulfate groups, whereas the image at left (without visible collagen) includes carbohydrates with a higher sulfate content.
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