The science of ecology was born from the expansive curiosity of the biologists of the late 19th century, who wished to understand the distribution, abundance and interactions of the earth's organisms. Why do we have so many species, and why not more, they asked—and what causes them to be distributed as they are? What are the characteristics of a biological community that cause it to recover in a particular way after a disturbance?
Figure 1. Fast-growing Phoenix forms a sprawling island in the Arizona desert, a visual reminder that every ecological parameter, from the pattern of environmental disturbance to the scale of competition among species, is affected by human activity. Historically ecologists have tested their theories in "pristine" environments, but attention is turning at last to the urban ecosystem, which does not easily conform to existing ecological theory. The authors argue for an integration of urban and traditional ecology and the incorporation of social-science models into the scientific view of how human activity affects other organisms and alters ecosystem structure and function.
Photograph by Corinna Gries, Arizona State University
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